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Linuo Paradigma, one of the largest solar thermal manufacturers in China, had very good sales of large hot water systems nationally last year. Together with local businesses, its engineering team for the national market designed and supervised as many as six projects that focused on providing solar hot water from a central source and involved the installation of over 10,000 m2 (7 MWth). It also reported the completion of another 21 projects with central collector fields ranging from 5,000 m2 to 10,000 m2 (3.5 to 7 MWth). Photos of the systems have not been available yet, so that the images in this article show only smaller installations, such as the above 848 m2 flat plate system put up on the roof of a school. Based on a threshold of 500 m2 of collector area, used by EU statisticians to classify projects as large, Linuo Paradigma completed even more large projects in China in 2019, 124 to be precise, and put up 393,000 m2 (275 MWth) altogether. [Sales of residential and public-sector systems with 500 ㎡ or more fluctuate significantly from year to year," explained Erica Shan, Regional Sales Director at Linuo Paradigma. In 2018, they came to 224,600 m2, less than 60 % of what the company sold in 2019. Still, 2018 was a good year for sales to the construction industry. Year-on-year growth between 2017 and 2018 was 34 %, thanks to a large number of balcony systems installed in 2018. [The market fluctuates because builders can choose either a large solar field type or balcony units for a new high-rise or a neighbourhood in areas where building regulations stipulate the installation of solar thermal systems," she explained, adding that flat plate collectors for balcony and central hot water installations are growing in popularity. Currently, 70 % of all systems sold by Linuo Paradigma include vacuum tubes and 30 % flat plate collectors, according to Shan. This table shows the six large projects for which Linuo Paradigma installed more than 10,000 m2 of collector area in 2019. The collectors are used to provide hot water in different types of buildings. Source: Linuo Paradigma This image shows a residential high-rise building in Shanghai. Its roof was covered with 1,388 m2 of vacuum tube collectors in 2019. Most solar collector systems used for centralised hot water preparation were put up on multi-family buildings, although a growing number of hospitals were placing orders as well. Throughout last year, Linuo Paradigma installed solar fields totalling 17,136 ㎡ for this customer group (one of these can be seen in the following photo). However, all of the 124 projects finished in 2019 provided neither space heating nor solar cooling, Shan confirmed: [Most of the space heating systems we install these days are heat pumps. They are being promoted in rural areas via a green heat policy that aims to displace coal boilers used for electricity generation." Shan also said that not all of the above-mentioned systems were installed under the Linuo Paradigma brand, as the company also produces equipment marketed by other businesses under their own brands. This photo shows the 860 m2 system that was installed on a hospital in Wuhan in 2019. Besides its focus on the Chinese engineering market, the Linuo Group also sells products globally via its subsidiary Linuo Ritter International. For example, in 2019, it partnered with companies based in Palestine and Australia to put up commercial solar hot water systems (see the photos below). Those projects used U-pipe CPC vacuum tube collectors, developed as part of the Linuo and Ritter Group`s Sino-German joint-venture efforts. These images depict two solar projects implemented outside China last year. The photo on the left shows the 252 m2 solar thermal system put up at the University of Melbourne, the one on the right the 392 m2 system at Al Makassed Hospital in East Jerusalem. The second project was completed in partnership with Palestine-based Shamsuna. Photos: Linuo Ritter International

The composite molecular pump instead of the oil diffusion pump for all-glass vacuum tube solar vacuum exhaust exhaust pumping high vacuum test. Selected three types of molecular pump, the collector tube automatically continuous baking exhaust line experiment. After about one year longer production run test, the molecular pump suffered more than 190 times the heat pipe nozzle rupture caused by atmospheric impact, there is no damage, no significant changes in vacuum performance. Solar water heater collector tube life is usually 20 years, during the operation of the collector tube temperature of about 50 ℃ ~ 80 ℃, collector tube itself deflated, so that the inner and outer glass tube between the vacuum gradually decreased. In the course of 20 years of use, the heat conduction loss of the gas in the heat pipe sandwich is much less than the heat radiation loss, for example, the heat conduction heat loss is less than 10% of the total heat loss. Using high-temperature baking vacuum method, to obtain a long-term heat pipe to maintain high vacuum performance This work in the company's production of automatic collector tube continuous baking exhaust line. Domestic heat pipe baking exhaust production process are used oil diffusion pump pumping high vacuum, the experiment uses a composite molecular pump to replace the vent line on the crude oil diffusion pump pumped high vacuum. Compared with the oil diffusion pump, the molecular pump itself has no oil, the water molecule pumping speed long time stability, energy saving and so on. In addition, the molecular pump runs reliably and requires little maintenance for a long period of time, such as two years of production. However, the molecular pump by the atmospheric impact of poor performance, the price is more expensive. 1, experiment In this experiment, a composite molecular pump instead of the oil diffusion pump pumping high vacuum, continuous automatic exhaust pipe in the heat pipe. The exhaust line is equipped with 42 trolleys loaded with roasted exhaust manifolds and 40 collector tubes per trolley. The exhaust air line operates at a transmission speed of about 0.80 m / min. Each trolley runs 12 furnaces a day, Exhaust air line operation day baking exhaust manifold 20000. Baking exhaust process temperature 450 ℃, baking time 40 min. Venting trolley schematic diagram shown in Figure